Communication green base station in Manama

Are green cellular base stations sustainable?

This study presents an overview of sustainable and green cellular base stations (BSs), which account for most of the energy consumed in cellular networks. We review the architecture of the BS and the power consumption model, and then summarize the trends in green cellular network research over the past decade.

What is a green communication initiative?

The green communication initiative primarily aims to improve the energy efficiency, reduce the OPEX, and eliminate the GHG emissions of BSs to guarantee their future evolution [ 2, 3 ]. Cellular network operators attempt to shift toward green practices using two main approaches.

What is a signaling base station?

A single signaling base station can support multiple signaling cells focused on processing the signaling plane and serving as anchors for Radio Resource Control (RRC) functionality. This vertically segmented architecture optimizes network resources, reduces costs, and minimizes energy consumption.

How much does a PV/electrical grid cost for GSM BS?

Hossam et al. [ 132] designed four hybrid RESs for GSM BSs in Cairo, Egypt and proposed the use of a PV/electrical grid in urban areas; PV, PV/DG, and PV/DG in remote areas; and DG on cloudy days. The energy costs of PV/electrical grid, PV/DG (on cloudy days), PV, and PV/DG reach as low as $ 0.1, $ 0.21, $ 0.29 and $ 0.31/kWh, respectively.